(According to APA Manual 7th Edition)

In-text Citations

Referencing an idea

• The leading medical cause of Aboriginal mortality is due to circulatory system disease. Other important causes of death include diseases of the respiratory system and injury or poisoning (Anderson, 1999; Saggers & Gray, 1999; Thomson, 1995).

(order authors alphabetically in parentheses)

or

• Anderson (1999), Thomson (1995), and Saggers and Gray (1999) all state that the leading cause of Aboriginal mortality is due to circulatory system disease, and that other important causes of death include diseases of the respiratory system and injury or poisoning.

Referencing a quotation

Indeed, one researcher commented that “technological innovations have saved or extended the lives of many patients” (Lumby, 2001, p. 44).

If the quotation is over 40 words, you must indent the entire quotation and start the quotation on a new line. No quotation marks are required. Cite the quoted source after the final punctuation mark.

Alberta is occasionally divided into two regions, Northern Alberta and Southern Alberta. The majority of Alberta's population is located in large urban cities, mostly located in the South. Alberta is Canada's most populous province of all three Canadian Prairie provinces. Edmonton is the Capital of Alberta. (Hern, 1996, p. 22)

Citing a source within a source

Where your source quotes or refers to another source, for example Unsworth refers to previous work by Halliday on linguistics, the citation might read thus:

(Halliday, as cited in Unsworth, 2004, p. 15)

Only Unsworth will appear in the reference list at the end of your manuscript.

Reference List

Your reference list should be ordered alphabetically by author and then chronologically by year of publication.

Book

De Vaus, D. A. (2014). Surveys in social research. Allen & Unwin.

Book chapter

McKenzie, H., Boughton, M., Hayes, L., & Forsyth, S. (2008). Explaining the complexities and value of nursing practice and knowledge. In I. Morley & M. Crouch (Eds.), Knowledge as value: Illumination through critical prisms (pp. 209-224). Rodopi.

Note: The publisher location is no longer included in the reference of the book and the book chapter.

Journal article

Tohir, M., Maswar, M., Atikurrahman, M., Saiful, S., & Rizki Pradita, D. A. (2020). Prospective teachers’ expectations of students’ mathematical thinking processes in solving problems. European Journal of Educational Research, 9(4), 1735–1748. https://doi.org/10.12973/EU-JER.9.4.1735

If you have the DOI for the journal article, you should include it in the reference, otherwise, it is not necessary.

Note: DOIs are formatted the same as URLs. The label “DOI:” is no longer necessary.

Journal article advance online publication (In press / Online first)

Min, M. H., & Chon, Y. V. (2020). Teacher motivational strategies for EFL learners: For better or worse. RELC Journal. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033688219900812

Thesis/dissertation

Unpublished

Considine, M. (1986). Australian insurance politics in the 1970s: Two case studies [Unpublished doctoral dissertation/ Unpublished master's thesis]. University of Melbourne.

Tohir, M. (2017). Pengembangan bahan ajar olimpiade matematika berdasarkan model pemecahan masalah untuk meningkatkan kemampuan penalaran matematis siswa [Development of instructional materials based problem-solving mathematical olympiad for students improves mathematical reasoning ability] [Unpublished master's thesis]. University of Jember.

Fron a database

Hollander, M. M. (2017). Resistance to authority: Methodological innovations and new lessons from the Milgram experiment (Publication No. 10289373) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin–Madison]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Web/online

Hutcheson, V. H. (2012). Dealing with dual differences: Social coping strategies of gifted and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer adolescents [Master’s thesis, The College of William & Mary]. William & Mary Digital Archive. https://digitalarchive.wm.edu/bitstream/handle/10288/16594/HutchesonVirginia2012.pdf

Webpage with an author

Welch, N. (2000, February 21). Toward an understanding of the determinants of rural health. Rural Health. http://www.ruralhealth.org.au/welch.htm

Note: URLs are no longer preceded by “Retrieved from” unless a retrieval date is needed. The website name is included (unless it’s the same as the author), and web page titles are italicized.

Conference Proceedings

Published online:

Blakey, N., Guinea, S., & Saghafi, F. (2017). Transforming undergraduate nursing curriculum by aligning models of clinical reasoning through simulation. In R. Walker, & S. Bedford (Eds.), HERDSA 2017 Conference: Research and Development in Higher Education: Curriculum Transformation  (pp. 25-37). Higher Education Research and Development Society of Australasia. Herdsa. http://www.herdsa.org.au/research-and-development-higher-education-vol-40-25

   Published in book:

Armstrong, D. B., Fogarty, G. J., & Dingsdag, D. (2007). Scales measuring characteristics of small business information systems. In W-G. Tan (Ed.), Proceedings of Research, Relevance and Rigour: Coming of age: 18th Australasian Conference on Information Systems (pp. 163-171). University of Southern Queensland.

   Paper presentation:

Green, D. B. & DeSilva, A. (2015, June 10-12). The toxicity levels of household chemicals [Paper presentation]. National Symposium on Air Pollution, University of Southern California, CA, United States.

Newspaper article

Bagnall, D. (1998, January 27-28). Private schools: Why they are out in front. The Bulletin, pp. 12-15.

Government publication

The Health Targets and Implementation (Health for All) Committee. (1988). Health for all Australians.  Government Publishing Service.

Company and Industry Reports

Magner, L. (2016). IBISWorld Industry Report OD5381. Coffee Shops in Australia. Retrieved from IBISWorld database.

To cite a dictionary definition

Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Citation. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved November 28, 2019 from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/citation

In order to distinguish between works by the same author with the same publication date, use the suffixes a, b, c, etc. after the year. The first resource would be (1995a), the second resource would be (1995b), etc. This format must also be used in the corresponding reference in the references list.

Cheever, J. (1995a). The enormous radio. In R. V. Cassill (Ed.), The Norton anthology of short fiction (5th ed., pp. 182–191). Norton. (Original work published 1947)

Cheever, J. (1995b). The five-forty-eight. In R. V. Cassill (Ed.), The Norton anthology of short fiction (5th ed., pp. 191–202). Norton. (Original work published 1954)

Arrange works by the same author by year of publication with the earliest year first.

Paraphrasing: 

The lecturer's understanding of teaching has an effect on the quality of student learning (Ramsden, 1992, 1994). …

Reference list entry:

Ramsden, P. (1992). Learning to teach in higher education. Routledge.

Ramsden, P. (1994). Using research on student learning to enhance educational quality. Griffith Institute for Higher Education.

Proper use of et al. in APA style

Author type	Parenthetical citation	Narrative citation
One author	(Savas, 2020)	Savas (2020)
Two authors	(Miller & Romine, 2020)	Miller and Romine (2020)
Three or more authors	(Sasson et al., 2020)	Sasson et al. (2020)
Group author with abbreviation- First citation	(American Psychological Association [APA], 2020)	American Psychological Association (APA, 2020)

Note: The in-text citation for works with three or more authors is now shortened right from the first citation. You only include the first author’s name and “et al.”.

Surnames and initials for up to 20 authors (instead of 7) should be provided in the reference list.

Miller, T. C., Brown, M. J., Wilson, G. L., Evans, B. B., Kelly, R. S., Turner, S. T., Lewis, F., Lee, L. H., Cox, G., Harris, H. L., Martin, P., Gonzalez, W. L., Hughes, W., Carter, D., Campbell, C., Baker, A. B., Flores, T., Gray, W. E., Green, G., … Nelson, T. P. (2018).

Citing translated sources in APA style

Here’s how you would cite the original French edition of a work by Piaget (note that an English translation of the title is included in brackets):

As’ari, A. R., Tohir, M., Valentino, E., Imron, Z., & Taufiq, I. (2017). Buku guru matematika (revisi) [Mathematics teacher handbook (revised)]. Center for Curriculum and Bookkeeping. https://buku.kemdikbud.go.id/katalog/buku-teks-k13

Janzen, G., & Hawlik, M. (2005). Orientierung im Raum: Befunde zu Entscheidungspunkten [Orientation in space: Findings about decision points]. Journal of Psychology/Zeitschrift für Psychologie, 213(4), 179–186. https://doi.org/10.1026/0044-3409.213.4.179

If you read an English translation of a foreign work, by including translator:

Piaget, J. (1969). The psychology of the child (H. Weaver, Trans.).  Basic Books.

Your reference list should be in English. Do not use non-English titles and non-English characters. If a source is not available in English, that is, if it does not have an English title, write the original title then add its English translation in square brackets.

Grangeat, M. (2011) (Ed.). Les demarches d’investigation dans l’enseignement scientifique Pratiques de classe, travail collectif enseignant, acquisitions des eleves. Ecole Normale Supérieure.

should be written as,

Grangeat, M. (2011) (Ed.). Les démarches d’investigation dans l’enseignement scientifique Pratiques de classe, travail collectif enseignant, acquisitions des élèves [Investigative approaches in science teaching class practices, collective teacher work, student acquisitions]. Ecole Normale Supérieure.

Here is an example of an article in a journal.

Munawwarah, M., Laili, N., & Tohir, M. (2020). Keterampilan berpikir kritis mahasiswa dalam memecahkan masalah matematika berdasarkan keterampilan abad 21 [Students' critical thinking skills in solving mathematical problems based on 21st century skills]. Alifmatika: Journal of Mathematics Education and Learning/Alifmatika: Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Pembelajaran Matematika, 2(1), 37–58. https://doi.org/10.35316/alifmatika.2020.v2i1.37-58